This study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters of body weight traits in Markhoz goats, using B-spline random regression models. The data used in this study included 19549 records collected during 29 years (1992-2021) in Markhoz goat Breeding Research Station, located in Sanandaj, Iran. The model used to analyze data included fixed effects (year of birth, sex, type of birth and age of dam) and random effects including direct additive genetic, maternal additive genetic, permanent environmental and maternal permanent environmental assuming homogeneous and heterogeneous residual variance during the time. Akaike (BIC) and Bayesian (BIC) information criteria were used to compare the models and bspq.4.4.4.4 was selected as the best model. The direct heritability values for birth, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month and 12-month weights were estimated to be 0.14, 0.16, 0.08, 0.28 and 0.26, respectively. Genetic correlation between body weights at birth and 3-month, birth and 6-month, birth and 9-month, birth and 12-month, 3-month and 6-month, 3-month and 9-month, 3-month and 12-month, 6-months and 9-month and 9-month and 12-month were 0.22, 0.38, 0.21, 0.56, -0.26, 0.30, 0.62, 0.86 and 0.77, respectively. The highest phenotypic correlation was between the weight of 9-month and 12-month (0.82) and the lowest correlation was between birth weight and 3-month and 6-month (0.12). The results showed that the 9-month weight is a good criterion for selection in Markhoz goats.

The objective of this study was to measure and determine the allometric equation of leaf dry mass, specific leaf area and leaf area index of Rhizophora mucronata species located in Sirik city, Hormozgan province, Iran. In this study, in addition to the actual determination of the leaves, the specific leaf area and the leaf area index of Rhizophora mucronata trees were calculated using vegetative characteristics. Then, the correlation between different components, and their allometric equations were calculated. Determining the leaf area index was performed directly by collecting 88 leaves from 22 trees and weighing them and the mean leaf area, the canopy area and leaf dry mass were calculated through collecting one-eighth of the tree canopy and determining the fresh and dry weight. Correlation and model determination were determined using stepwise regression (P≤ 0. 01). According to the results, the mean dry mass, specific leaf area and leaf area index were 3. 33 kg/tree, 39. 74 cm-2/g per tree and 0. 76, respectively. The leaf area index, with two factors of leaf area and tree height, (correlation coefficient=0. 82) explained 65% of the variations in the dependent variable. In determining the specific leaf area, only leaf area factor was introduced as the most effective factor in the equation and explained 56% of the variations. Results showed that tree factors, canopy area, leaf area and height can have key role in tree ecological indices (leaf dry mass, LAI and SLA) estimation and also in evaluation of mangrove stand changes and health.

In this article, an attempt has been made to estimate the amount of sound transmission loss in a flat oval channel by applying the approach of statistical energy analysis. Correct estimation of sound transmission loss in an air conditioning channel is of great importance due to the harmful effects of noise pollution in the environment on human health. Simulation with the statistical energy analysis method is a powerful approach to estimate sound and vibration in problems in which we deal with complex and multi-part systems; is considered. In this method, first, a system is divided into several subsystems, and then by writing a matrix equation that includes the energy exchanges between subsystems and energy loss coefficients; It is investigated from the perspective of vibration and sound estimation.On average, the model presented in this research is able to estimate the sound transmission loss in different dimensions of the air conditioning channels according to the experimental results in the accuracy range of ± 2.5 dB. Considering that it seems that the results obtained from modeling with this method are in good agreement with the experimental data; The results of this research can be used as an efficient approach to estimate noise in oval shaped channels stretched in different lengths.

In order to determine the optimum sowing and harvesting dates of two autumn sugar beet cultivars (Bete vulgaris L.) and develop the planting area of this crop, the present research was conducted in Fasa, Iran during 2005-2008. The experiment was carried out in split-split plots based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Three sowing dates (September 27, October 17 and November 6) were assigned to main plots, two commercial sugar beet cultivars (BR1 and Rasoul) to sub- plots and three harvesting dates (April 30, May 26 and June 20) to sub-sub plots. During the growing period, parameters such as number of plants, lost plants, growth rate and bolting percentage were determined. The root yield was measured by harvesting the roots from the two middle rows of plots. Characteristics such as root yield, sugar content, impurities (K, Na and α-amino nitrogen) and white sugar percentage, purity of raw extract, alkalinity and molasses sugar were measured. Results showed that bolting percentages of sowing dates were significantly different at 1% level of probability. The highest bolting percentage (18.409%) was obtained from September 27 sowing date. Sowing dates (September 27 and November 6) had the lowest bolting percentage (5.420% and 2.870%, respectively). The bolting percentage, root yield, sugar content, impurities, and purity of raw extract, alkalinity, molasses sugar and white sugar yield of the cultivars were not significant. The maximum bolting percentage obtained from the harvesting date (June 20) was 9.964%. Maximum root yield and white sugar yield was obtained from the sowing date (September 27) and harvesting date (June 20) which were 58.486 and 5.360 tha-1, respectively. With respect to the increased yield due to planting date of September 27 and harvesting date of June 20, use of bolting tolerant cultivars to ensure higher quality and yield I recommended.

Yasuj forests are regarded as the representative of south Zagros forests that are especially important due to density and species diversity. Two major species of these forests are Quercus brantii and Pistacia mutica. In this research leaf biomass and leaf area index (LAI) were assessed by the measurement of various parts of trees and finding correlation between different variables. In order to perform this research, a number of trees were selected by systematic randomized method and different variables such as diameter at breast, height, height of tree crown and small and large diameters of tree crown were measured. Also the leaves of a sector of the tree crown were picked off and after weighting, their dry weight were measured in laboratory. Gravimetric method was applied for calculating LAI in which the relationship between leaf area and its dry weight is used to estimate the total area of whole trees leaves. Mean Tree Method was used to generalize the result to the whole forest. The results showed that the amount of leaf biomass for Quercus brantii and Pistacia mutica were 1317.3 and 57.2 (kg/ha), respectively. For rapid estimation of this index allometric equations were suggested. Mean LAI in studied site was estimated to be about 1.2. Also analysis tests were done for more evaluation of the amount of elements in leaves.

Forest trees are considered as most important and huge carbon pools in the forest ecosystems and have a great influence on the reduction of carbon emission in the atmosphere. Therefore, how to measure and estimate the carbon stored in the trees is the main issue for ecologists. The aim of this study was to estimate of leaf biomass and leaf carbon sequestration of Cercis siliquastrum L. in Arghavan forests reserves of Ilam. For this purpose, 30 trees were selected using random sampling method and height, mean diameter of crown, number of sprout and crown length variables were measured. All leaves of 1/4 crown area were collected. After of drying, dry weighted of leaves calculated. Enough quantity of leaves was burned in electrical kiln to calculate the carbon storage. To calculate of leaf area index was used gravimetric method. Mean tree method was used to generalize the result to the whole forest. Based on results, mean of leaf biomass, mean of leaf carbon sequestration and mean of atmosphere CO2 absorption were 53. 55, 23. 4 and 86. 02 kg per hectare, respectively. Mean of leaf area index in studied area was 0. 058. The results of allometric using of linear regression showed that there was a significant and positive correlation between of mean diameter of crown with leaf biomass, carbon sequestration and leaf area index variables in Ilam forests.

The objective of this study was to obtain relationships between plant leaf area (cm2 plant-1) with leaf dry weight (g plant-1), total vegetative dry weight (g plant-1 and plant height (cm). For this object, three cotton cultivars (Sahel, Siokra324 and Deltapain25) were used. Sampling was carried out at one month after emergence, squaring, flowering, bolling, boll opening, and second pick from the cultivars under irrigated conditions and four sowing date. At each sampling, leaf area, leaf dry weight, total vegetative dry weight and plant heights were measured. Leaf area range between 170 to 8167 cm2 plant-1 with an average of 3039 cm2 plant-1. Various equations were used to describe relationships between leaf area and mentioned characteristics. Best results were obtained with power equation in linear form {In(y)=a+b*ln(x)}. This equation was used for all combinations of cultivar-sowing date and cultivar-growth stage separately. Results showed that one equation is adequate for all cultivars at all growth stages and sowing dates. Significant relations was found between leaf area and leaf dry weight (R2=0.98), total vegetative dry weight (R2=0.84) and plant height (R2=0.76). It was concluded that equations could be used for estimation of leaf area.

To investigate the response of corn to combined application of chemical fertilizers with rhizobacteria plant growth promoting, an experiment was conducted in 2017 at Research farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Tehran University, Karaj, Iran, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Four nutritional treatments including T1 (Control treatment without applying fertilizer), T2 (Just PGPRs), T3 (Use chemical fertilizers based on soil test) and T4 (T3 + PGPRs) were considered. According to the results, the highest total dry weight (3.9 kg/m2), crop growth rate (79.8 g.m-2.day-1), net assimilation rate (15.3 g.m-2.day-1) and grain yield (18.2 ton.ha-1) were observed in T4 treatment and T2 treatment produced the highest  leaf area index (5.3), leaf area duration (205.2) and specific leaf weight (78.5 g.m-2) . Also, the lowest value of all traits was observed in in T1 (control) treatment. The results showed that the presence of rhizobacteria plant growth promotioninduction in the corn nutrition program increased the growth and growth indices of the plant. Combined application of chemical fertilizers with rhizobacteria plant growth promoting resulted in the highest growth and final grain yield of corn.

The leaf area index (LAI) shows exchanges between the atmosphere and crops. There are different methods to measure/estimate LAI. These methods are categorized into two sections, as named Destructive and Undestructive methods. Destructive methods are laborious and costly, but they are precision methods. Undestructive methods suggest to LAI estimation and then the result of undestructive methods is calibrated and verified by the destructive method. This study tries to evaluate maize LAI estimation results achieved by allometric and gap fraction methods (GP) in two agro-industrial companies in Qazvin. Briefly, maize LAI amount was in the range of 0 to 8.57 m2/m2. The relation between height and wet leaf weight by LAI was selected in the allometric method and the AccuPAR instrument was selected in the GP. Results of statistical analysis showed that allometric methods have a better coincident to LAI amount from the destructive method by NRMSE and MBE, 14% and 0.03 m2/m2 versus GP by NRMSE and MBE amount of 23% and 0.54 m2/m2, respectively. This study uses one and half of maize from the standard box to estimate LAI and the results showed that using half of the maize crops in the standard box has a good estimation.

Prediction of the leaf area is essential in crop simulation models. The objective of this study was to find relationships between leaf area index (LAI) and numbers of leaves (NL), leaf dry weight (LDW), leaf fresh weight (LFW), number of nodes (NN) and plant height (PH), in Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.). For this purpose, an experiment was conducted using three planting dates (20 April, 21 May, 21 June) at the research field of Aburaihan Campus, the University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Tehran, Iran, in 2009-2010 cropping season. The experimental design was randomized complete block with four replications. Sampling was performed during the whole growing season. In each sampling LA, NL, LDW, LFW, NN and PH, were measured. Various equations were used to describe relationships between LAI and aforementioned characteristics. The best result was obtained a simple ln-transformed linear equation {ln(y)=a+b×ln(x)}. Results showed that significant relationships were found between LAI and LA (R2=90), LAI and NL (R2=90), LAI and NN (R2=90), LAI and LDW (R2=98) and LAI and LFW (R2=98). These equations LAI can be used for estimation in simulation models of Pumpkin as well as for the fast and easy estimation of LAI, especially where there is no LAI-meter available.